tobu| 翼龙头骨如何演化？古生物学家通过三维重建最新研究揭秘

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Tobu: A Journey through Uplifting Melodies

Introduction:

In the realm of electronic dance music (EDM), Tobu, a talented music producer and composer from Latvia, has managed to capture the hearts of millions around the world with his uplifting melodies and captivating beats. With a unique and distinctive style, Tobu has carved himself a niche in the EDM scene, becoming a favorite among fans who seek an immersive musical experience. In this article, we will delve into Tobu's journey, exploring his evolution as an artist and the impact he has had on the global music industry.

I. The Rise of Tobu: A Breath of Fresh Air in EDM

With the overwhelming popularity of EDM, it takes something truly special to stand out from the crowd. Tobu, with his melodic and energetic tracks, has managed to do just that. Beginning his musical career in 2013, Tobu quickly gained traction with his breakthrough track, "Colors," which showcased his ability to create infectious melodies and combine them with exhilarating drops. This track captured the attention of EDM enthusiasts worldwide, marking the beginning of Tobu's rise to prominence.

II. Tobu's Signature Sound: Melodic Mastery

One of the defining features of Tobu's music is the emphasis on melodic elements. Each track is carefully crafted with intricate melodies that tug at the listener's heartstrings. Whether it's the shimmering piano chords in "Candyland" or the euphoric synths in "Hope," Tobu's melodies effortlessly transport the audience to a place filled with joy and optimism. His ability to blend uplifting tunes with energetic beats creates an irresistible allure, making his music a go-to choice for those seeking motivation or a pick-me-up.

Moreover, Tobu demonstrates his versatility by blending different genres within his music, seamlessly fusing elements of pop, rock, and house. This has allowed him to attract a diverse audience, transcending the barriers of traditional EDM lovers and expanding his reach to mainstream listeners. Tobu's music resonates with people of all ages, connecting them through his unifying melodies.

III. Tobu's Impact on the Global Stage: Success beyond Borders

Tobu's success story extends far beyond the boundaries of his native Latvia. His music has gained immense popularity globally, garnering millions of streams on platforms such as YouTube and Spotify. Tobu has become a staple in countless playlists and has collaborated with various renowned artists, further solidifying his position in the industry.

Moreover, Tobu's music has found its way into popular culture, with many content creators, vloggers, and gamers incorporating his tracks into their videos. The surge in usage of his music as background soundtracks has contributed to his growing fanbase. Tobu's ability to create captivating compositions that complement visual content has established him as an integral part of popular culture.

Conclusion:

In a world inundated with electronic music, Tobu emerges as a breath of fresh air, beckoning listeners with his mesmerizing melodies and captivating beats. His unique style, characterized by uplifting tunes and a perfect synergy between different genres, has gained him a dedicated fanbase across the globe. As Tobu continues on his musical journey, one can only anticipate the brilliance he will unfold in the coming years. So, turn up the volume, let his music soar, and allow yourself to be transported into the enchanting world of Tobu.
tobu

　　中新网北京4月24日电 (记者 孙自法)作为亿万年前曾称霸蓝天的古脊椎动物，翼龙自200多年前发现以来，其神秘的起源与灭绝、同恐龙和鸟类的关系，以及复杂头骨的演化等一直备受关注，也持续存在争议并充满挑战。

　　为此，中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所汪筱林团队、中山大学生态学院和巴西国家博物馆开展合作研究，通过高精度计算机断层扫描(CT)和三维重建了中国新疆、辽宁等地的侏罗纪和白垩纪的翼龙头骨化石，成功获取翼龙头部内部较清晰的骨骼接触关系，重新认识到翼龙研究中长期以来固有的腭区骨骼结构特征，在此基础上提出不同于以往的翼龙腭区骨骼结构新模式和演化趋势新观点。

　　这项重要翼龙研究成果论文，近日在施普林格·自然旗下专业学术期刊《通讯-生物学》(Communications Biology)发表。

　　论文通讯作者汪筱林研究员表示，本次研究发现了翼龙新的腭区骨骼结构关系，提出一个与以往不同的翼手龙类腭区骨骼的普遍模式，重新解释了众多翼手龙类群腭区的骨骼特征及其相互关系和演化趋势。这项关于翼龙腭区骨骼结构关系的新认识，将会为翼龙发系统发育，以及咬合力的功能形态学等方面提供更多的基础信息。

　　论文第一作者、中山大学生态学院特聘副研究员陈鹤介绍说，研究团队对中外相关翼龙标本进行重新梳理，用较为充分的证据，针对疑惑百年的翼手龙类腭区提出一个较为完整的骨骼结构关系模式，翼龙在腭区的演化趋势逐渐清晰，并总结出6方面演化趋势：

　　一是在一些早期非翼手龙类群中(如喙嘴龙和卡其布翼龙)，并未发育后期翼手龙类具有的翼骨前突；二是腭骨两分支之间的角度在一些早期的非翼手龙类中呈近90度，在过渡类型的鲲鹏翼龙中则为45度，在翼手龙中普遍小于60度；三是上颌骨的轭骨突向后延伸的位置，在翼手龙类中较为靠后，一直到了外翼骨的位置，而在非翼手龙类中则没有；四是在非翼手龙类中，齿列向后延展至上颌骨腭骨窗的前缘之后，而在翼手龙类中，齿列在这一边缘之前；五是翼手龙类存在一对翼骨孔(或翼骨窗)，但在非翼手龙类中有些类群发育，有些类群则没有；六是在鲲鹏翼龙和翼手龙类中，内鼻孔向后延展的位置超过了整个上颌骨颚骨窗，甚至在一些翼手龙类中，向后的位置超过了腭后窗(如准噶尔翼龙、妖精翼龙等)。

　　陈鹤认为，这次研究发现，翼龙内鼻孔外侧向后第一个窗为上颌骨腭骨窗，而不是前人所认识的腭后窗，而与其他主龙类同源的腭后窗则在上颌骨腭骨窗之后。在一些翼手龙类群中，由于前后分隔腭后窗和颞下窗的外翼骨并未与腭区边缘相接，导致腭后窗则与颞下窗合二为一。

　　此外，之前关于翼龙上颌骨的腭区，包括腭骨、翼骨、外翼骨形态结构和延展位置均有不同的推测，本次研究则明确了这些骨骼的形态和接触关系，如翼手龙类中呈现出y型的腭骨，翼骨前突腹侧叠覆腭骨的结构关系等。

　　汪筱林指出，研究团队发现的上颌骨腭骨窗这一新结构，为翼龙类群区别于其他双孔类群的另一新特征。关于该结构的起源演化以及翼龙腭区的早期特征，则需要未来找寻更多相关化石开展进一步研究。(完)

duizhongliangjituanwaiqiandechuanyan，lianrilai，jizheduocilianxizhongliangjituanfangmian，jinxingqiuzheng。congzhongliangjituanyiweigongzuorenyuannali，jizhelejiedao，muqian，tamenbingweijiedaorenhexiaoxi，duiyushifouwaiqiandengwenti，yiguanfangfabuweizhun。tobu对(dui)中(zhong)粮(liang)集(ji)团(tuan)外(wai)迁(qian)的(de)传(chuan)言(yan)，(，)连(lian)日(ri)来(lai)，(，)记(ji)者(zhe)多(duo)次(ci)联(lian)系(xi)中(zhong)粮(liang)集(ji)团(tuan)方(fang)面(mian)，(，)进(jin)行(xing)求(qiu)证(zheng)。(。)从(cong)中(zhong)粮(liang)集(ji)团(tuan)一(yi)位(wei)工(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)员(yuan)那(na)里(li)，(，)记(ji)者(zhe)了(le)解(jie)到(dao)，(，)目(mu)前(qian)，(，)他(ta)们(men)并(bing)未(wei)接(jie)到(dao)任(ren)何(he)消(xiao)息(xi)，(，)对(dui)于(yu)是(shi)否(fou)外(wai)迁(qian)等(deng)问(wen)题(ti)，(，)以(yi)官(guan)方(fang)发(fa)布(bu)为(wei)准(zhun)。(。)